Should Cigarette Smoking Be Banned Essay - 1278 Words

Smoking is an expensive habit. People who smoke cigarettes can spend as much as $2,500 a year on them. Smokers’ claim that it helps relax them and it releases stress but the negative aspects of smoking outweigh the positive. Smoking is a health hazard for smokers and non-smokers. Smokers should have the right to choose what to do with their own health but they should respect non-smokers. Many people believe that there are good and bad outcomes from smoking. I believe that smoking is bad and that it should be banned. Many people think that smoking is a sign of coolness but in fact it damages the body. Cigarettes contain nicotine which is an addictive substance and that is why it is hard for smokers to stop smoking. Smoking can damage the†¦show more content†¦Spending money on smoking is too much and leads to nothing, and there are no benefits that people can get from smoking. Smoking can hit personal finances and smokers are burning their money for no reason. Instead o f using money to get cigarettes, people can donate to non-government organizations to wipe out poverty and change people’s lives. Smoking is a major factor that is destroying the environment. Smoking cigarettes is bad for the air. People who do not smoke have to breathe the bad air around the smokers. Smoking needs to be banned in public to let other people breathe the fresh air. Most Americans are exposed to outdoor and indoor air that can cause cancer and other serious health problems. Smoking is a serious problem that needs to be taken care of. If we want a strong environment, clean environment, and a good public health, we need to ban smoking once and for all. Many people believe that smoking is good in many ways. They also think that smoking carries more benefits than not smoking. Smoking will help you make friends. Smokers congregate in very small areas and by doing this brings on a friendship. They exchange stories, exchange news, and enrich knowledge. Smokers all have something in common. They are discriminated against, and thus they quickly bond together. Smoking will reduce stress and anxiety. The calming effects of a constant nicotine supply in the bloodstream will reduce theShow MoreRelatedShould Cigarette Smoking Be Banned?1376 Words   |  6 PagesSurgeon General’s report stated that cigarette smoking is the major single cause of cancer death in the United States. This statement is so true today. Smoking a cigarette is an acquired behavior and that makes it the most preventable cause of death in our society. Cigarettes contain nicotine, tar, and carbon monoxide, as well as formaldehyde, ammonia, hydrogen cyanide, arsenic, and DDT. The main ingredient in cigarettes is tobacco. The nicotine in cigarettes is very addictive and when smoke containingRead MoreShould Cigarette Smoking Be Banned?1365 Words   |  6 PagesShould Cigarette Smoking be banned? The United States Surgeon General’s report stated that cigarette smoking is the major single cause of cancer death in the United States. This statement is so true today. Smoking a cigarette is an acquired behavior and that makes it the most preventable cause of death in our society. Cigarettes contain nicotine, tar, and carbon monoxide, as well as formaldehyde, ammonia, hydrogen cyanide, arsenic, and DDT. The main ingredient in cigarettes is tobacco. The nicotineRead MoreShould cigarette smoking be banned?700 Words   |  3 Pages Should cigarette smoking be banned? Smoking is an expensive habit. People who smoke cigarettes can spend as much as $2,500 a year on them (Singletary). Smoking is a practice in which a substance, most commonly tobacco or cannabis, is burned and the smoke is tasted or inhaled. The most common method of smoking today is through cigarettes. Cigarettes remain primarily industrially manufactured, but they can be hand-rolled from loose tobacco and paper. Today we are more aware on how bad smoking is forRead MoreShould Cigarette Smoking Be Banned?899 Words   |  4 Pages Should Cigarette Smoking Be Banned Whether or not cigarette smoking should be banned completely, has become an object of controversy in many countries. Should cigarette smoking be banned for everyone in the United States? Smoking tobacco products have been around for decades and in many different forms. According to the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), cigarette smoking is the leading preventable cause of death in the United States. Cigarette smoking causes more than 480,000 deathsRead MoreCigarette Smoking Should Not Be Banned1528 Words   |  7 PagesShould cigarette smoking be banned for everyone in the United States? Why? Why not? Should those who chose their time smoking to relieve stress, personal enjoyment, or simply just because, have to lose their right to what makes them happy? Smoking tobacco products has been around for decades and in many different forms. Should personal rights be pushed aside to please those around us that disagree with the so called â€Å"disgusting habit†? In t he paper The Washington Times an article caught my interestRead MoreShould Smoking Cigarettes Be Banned?988 Words   |  4 Pages Isabella Zannettino Smoking is an addictive practice which entails inhaling and exhaling smoke from burning tobacco leaves. In the last 15 years extensive research and shocking statistics have demonstrated the adverse effects smoking can have on pregnant mothers and their babies. Currently, smoking cigarettes is the No. 1 cause of adverse outcomes for babies† (WebMed.com, 2013). Banning cigarettes may seem the most effective way of stopping pregnant mothers from smoking; however, doing this wouldRead MoreShould Cigarette Smoking Be Banned?925 Words   |  4 PagesProfessor Fuentes English 1003 April 22, 2015 Ban smoking in the United States Tobacco use is the single largest preventable cause of diseases and premature death in the United States (U.S.), yet more than 45 million Americans still smoke cigarettes. The health threat posed by tobacco has been accepted by scientists since the 17th century. In 1928, studies linked smoking to cancer. In 1964, the first Surgeon General’s report on cigarette smoking summarized the evidence that tobacco poses seriousRead MoreShould Cigarette Smoking Be Banned?1137 Words   |  5 PagesBiology 101 Should Cigarette Smoking Be Banned? Should there be a ban on cigarette smoking in the United States? Since cigarettes were introduced to Americans, questions have been raised concerning the legality of smoking and if it should be allowed everyone, in public places, or not at all. Recently, with the increase knowledge in cost and healthcare, the controversy with cigarette smoking has significantly risen. Across the country, states have banned smoking in public areas and inside buildingsRead MoreShould Cigarette Smoking Be Banned?824 Words   |  3 Pages Introduction: Tobacco Humans have been using tobacco in one way or the other since ancient times. Use of doesn’t always imply smoking it, but it can be chewed or used in different forms such as Tobacco chewing, dipping tobacco, etc. History: There is no fix time for the start of the use of tobacco in humans but it has been in human use since very ancient times. Locals were using before the arrival of Europeans to Americas. Las Casas brilliantly describes in his journal what the scouts who firstRead MoreCigarette Smoking Should Be Banned1768 Words   |  8 PagesCigarette Smoking Should be banned in United States Cigarette Smoking should be banned in the United States because it causes significant health problems. Tobacco is responsible for nearly one in five deaths in the whole country; also the smoke contains monoxide that reduces oxygen- carrying ability of red blood cells. The origins of tobacco go way back when; but how it was manufactured is a question asked constantly. How it had started was On November twenty third, 1998, forty-six states, as

Report on Financial Statement Fraud Scheme Case Study the...

Report on Financial Statement Fraud Scheme Case Study: The Importance of Timing ACC/556 Professor University of Phoenix December 19, 2011 Memo To: The Management From: Forensic Auditor Date: 12/19/2011 Subject: Case Study on the Importance of Timing and Financial Statement Fraud Scheme As our company is in process of conducting investigation to detect any financial statement fraud or abuse, I have come across the case where expenses were recorded in the financial statement under the period it was disbursed to vendor and actual services occurred in next or other financial year period. It’s against the regulation of SEC and GAAP guidelines. In this particular case the repair were completed in current†¦show more content†¦The sampling tools and techniques used in this investigation consists systematic random selection of data from selected sources. The forensic accountant use computer forensics, data analytics and interviews to allow them to assemble much of the required evidence for an investigation. This abuse was detected when we see the invoice of heavy amount paid by end of the last year without any inspection report or repair completion document in file. The furt her investigation showed it was done later this year. No employee took any funds to commit financial fraud or larceny but the financial statement were misleading to the users of those statements. A company may experience such type of abuse or corruption schemes developed at any given time, more than one area or all over the company. Corruption can be performed by fraudster employees who intentionally and wrongfully use their influence to gain personal financial gain from company business transaction. It can be limited to a particular department or it may exist in all structural levels. It is vital for a company to review financial status routinely to ensure proper accounting and reporting procedures are followed in entirety of company business transactions. It is extremely important to review before an end of year transactions with heavy amounts to ensure validity of amount and services occurred in that financial year.Show MoreRelatedAcc 5561986 Words   |  8 PagesCourse Descrip tion In this course, students are introduced to the conduct of fraud examinations, including a discussion of specific procedures used in forensic accounting examinations and the reasoning behind these procedures. Topics include an overview of fraud and abuse, forensic evidence, substantive procedures for cash outflow irregularities, substantive procedures for asset irregularities, financial statement fraud, and examination reporting. Policies Faculty and students/learners willRead MoreFinancial Statement Frauds29904 Words   |  120 Pages2002:53 Financial Statement Fraud - Recognition of Revenue and the Auditor’s Responsibility for Detecting Financial Statement Fraud - Tiina Intal and Linh Thuy Do Graduate Business School School of Economics and Commercial Law Gà ¶teborg University ISSN 1403-851X Printed by Elanders Novum Abstract Financial reporting frauds and earnings manipulation have attracted high profile attention recently. There have been several cases by businesses of what appears to be financial statement fraudRead MoreCauses of Bank Failure6382 Words   |  26 PagesIf your money is FDIC insured, you probably don’t need to panic. Bank Officers’ Fraud Let us have an example from USA Former TBW CEO Pleads Guilty in $1.5 Billion Bank Fraud Scheme WASHINGTON—Paul Allen, the former chief executive officer (CEO) at Taylor, Bean Whitaker (TBW), pleaded guilty today to making false statements and conspiring to commit bank and wire fraud for his role in a $1.5 billion fraud scheme that contributed to the failure of TBW. The guilty plea was announced today by AssistantRead MoreAcca P7 Notes24991 Words   |  100 PagesINTRODUCTION TO THE PAPER 2 CHAPTER 1 – REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT 3 CHAPTER 2 – PROFESSIONAL AND ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS 8 CHAPTER 3 – PRACTICE MANAGEMENT 13 CHAPTER 4 – ASSIGNMENTS I: THE AUDIT OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 16 CHAPTER 5 – ASSIGNMENTS II: GROUP AUDITS 42 CHAPTER 6 – AUDIT REPORTS AND OTHER REPORTS 45 CHAPTER 7 – ASSIGNMENTS III: OTHER ASSIGNMENTS 57 CHAPTER 8 – CURRENT ISSUES AND DEVELOPMENTS 63 INTRODUCTION TO THE PAPER AIM OF THE PAPER The aim of the paper is to apply relevantRead MoreIca Gh Syslabus26672 Words   |  107 Pagesthe New Scheme Objectives and Expected Performance Outcomes of Each Part PART 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Financial Accounting Fundermentals Business Management Economics Management Information Systems PART 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Quantitative Tools in Business Audit and Internal Review Business and Corporate Law Principles and Practice of Taxation PART 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Financial Reporting Public Sector Accounting Cost and Management Accounting Financial Management PART 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Advanced Financial ReportingRead MoreSolution to Auditing and Assurance Service: 1,12,B, 329605 Words   |  119 PagesThey cannot produce the information for themselves because of these conditions. Company managers and accountants produce the information. 1.3 Information risk, in contrast to business risk, is the risk (probability) that the information (mainly financial) disseminated by a company will be materially false or misleading. This risk creates the demand for objective outsiders to provide assurance to decision makers. 1.4 Students can refer to the AAA and AICPA definitions in Chapter 1. Some instructorsRead MoreProfessional Misconduct58343 Words   |  234 PagesComplaint Council Disciplinary Committee Council High Court (if need arises) Complaint Council whether it is fit D.C. (Ist Schedule) fit for case or not (Having evidences explanation unfit than recommended report (Prima facie opinion reject supply to council Whether complaint is fit. It is not deciding) Council Pass the decision Refer to H.C (If in Ist ScheduleRead MoreChapter 1 Accounting Information Systems and the Accountant14769 Words   |  60 PagesSystems—A Deï ¬ nition Accounting Information Systems and Their Role in Organizations CASE ANALYSES The Annual Report Universal Concrete Products Ross, Sells, and Young, LLP REFERENCES AND RECOMMENDED READINGS ANSWERS TO TEST YOURSELF WHAT’S NEW IN ACCOUNTING INFORMATION SYSTEMS? Suspicious Activity Reporting Countering Terrorism Corporate Scandals and Accounting The Sarbanes-Oxley and Patriot Acts ACCOUNTING AND IT Financial Accounting Managerial Accounting Auditing Taxation CAREERS IN ACCOUNTING INFORMATIONRead MoreOrganizational Fraud9733 Words   |  39 PagesORGANIZATIONAL FRAUD [pic] Submitted by: Amit Goel(amigoel@gmail.com) Mohit Goel Executive Summary For many organizations, â€Å"getting it right† or â€Å"getting it wrong† is a matter of survival. This study talks about the issues like, ‘organisational fraud’, ‘ethics’ ‘empowerment’ in an organisation and their relation to standards of good behaviour in order to explore various ways in which occurrences of ever increasing frauds can be checked. Organisational Fraud can be perpetrated by thoseRead MoreWaste Management33554 Words   |  135 Pagesaccounting fraud and auditor legal liability c a S eS inc lu de d in t hiS Se ction 4 89 99 4.1 Enron Corporation and Andersen, LLP Analyzing the Fall of Two Giants . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 Comptronix Corporation 4.3 Cendant Corporation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Identifying Inherent Risk and Control Risk Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 119 127 137 Assessing the Control Environment and Evaluating Risk of Financial Statement Fraud

Case Study Prescription Drug Abuse - 1885 Words

Research Paper Focus: Prescription Drug Abuse Abuse is a pattern of substance use that results in negative consequences and impairment (Bukstein and Nquyen). Misuse is the use for a purpose not consistent with medical guidelines or without a prescription for the individual using the medication (Bukstein and Nquyen). Abuse of prescription opioids has been cited as the fastest growing drug problem in the United States, and has surpassed the use of cocaine and heroin combined as a cause of mortality (Singhal ). In 2013 alone, nearly two million Americans abused prescription opioids and 16,235 deaths were caused by prescription opioids representing almost a fourfold increase since 1999 (Singhal ). Two million people reported using†¦show more content†¦Doctors prescribe medications to people with certain doses and forms because of how fast or slow the drug goes through the body. The drug will move to the stomach where it is dissolved, then it will release the drug into the blood, and then finally traveling to the brain. When the drug is abused it changes the speed and the way the drug travels throughout the body and to the brain. For example, when someone abuses the stimulant, Adderall, by crushing the pill and snorting it through their nose, a dose that would normally work over the course of a 10-12-hour period hits the brain all at once creating a high and drastically increasing the risk for overdose, addiction, or death (Prescription Drugs). There are many reasons people misuse or abuse prescription drugs like for instance they think it’s a safer way than to use illegal drugs, they are â€Å"not addictive†, or they are easier to acquire than illegal drugs. Approximately 40% of adolescents reported that they thought prescription drugs are much safer to use than illegal drugs, even if they are not prescribed by a doctor (Bukstein and Nquyen). The accessibility to prescription drugs is at a high. People acquire the drugs through diversion which is the most common means of obtaining prescriptions for unintended purposes (Elliott). Diversion is the channeling of prescription drugs from legal use to illegal use (Ford and Watkins). Getting drugs from siblings,Show MoreRelatedEffects Of Opioid Abuse On A Community Essay1636 Words   |  7 PagesVarious Effects of Opioid Abuse on a Community The relationship between the rising rates of prescription-opioid abuse and heroin use has led to increases in crime, incidences of HCV and HIV, and drastic increases on overdose and death. In fact, between 1999 and 2010 opioid-related mortality increased 415% among women and 265% among men (King et al, 2014). According to King et al (2014), the main causes of this increase in deaths can be attributed to prescriber error, user behavior and characteristicsRead MoreRichard Fee Was A Potential Medical Student1496 Words   |  6 Pagespotential medical student, an athlete on the baseball team and sophomore class president. In 2008 he began to struggle with focusing on his studies and went to see a doctor who believed he had Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. The doctor immediately prescribed him Vyvanse for his ADHD. In 2008 after he graduated with a degree in biology, he began to study hard for the medical school entry exams. (Schwarz 1) This caused him to make an appointment to the nearby Triad Psychiatric and CounselingRead MoreNon Medical Use Of Prescription Drugs Among Treatment Essay1290 Words   |  6 PagesNon-medical use of prescription drugs among treatment seeking population in Singapore: the impact on life and services (temp title) Asharani PV, Mythily Subramaniam, Edimansyah Bin Abdin, Guo Song, Christopher Cheok Prescription medications have improved the overall well beings of patients worldwide with many new drugs hitting the market in the past decade. These drugs which are prescribed by the general practitioners and specialist to treat various ailments were diverted and abused by people leadingRead MorePrescription Drug Abuse1298 Words   |  5 Pagessick. Prescription drugs are being taken for reasons other than the ones they are being prescribed for, fueling an addiction that impacts as many as 48 million Americans (Prescription Drug Abuse WebMD). According to MedLinePlus, an estimated 20 percent of people in the United States have used prescription drugs for nonmedical reasons. This is prescription drug abuse. While a considerable amount of time, resources, and attention are focused on the problems associated with illicit drugs, prescriptionRead MoreTeenage Prescription Drug Abuse Essay1427 Words   |  6 PagesTeenage Prescription Drug Abuse Years ago, the common image of an adolescent drug abuser was a teen trying to escape from reality on illegal substances like cocaine, heroin, or marijuana. Today, there is a great discrepancy between that perception and the reality of who is likely to abuse drugs. A teenage drug abuser might not have to look any further than his or her parent’s medicine chest to ‘score.’ Prescription drug abuse by teens is on the rise. Also, teens are looking to prescription drugsRead MorePrescription Drug Abuse990 Words   |  4 PagesPrescription drug abuse is not a new problem within our society. Prescription drug abuse has in fact been an ongoing problem that is currently spinning out of control. There are many people within our society that are currently dealing with prescription drug addiction. Prescription drug abuse is the intentional use of a medication without a prescription; in a way other than as prescribed; or for the experience or feeling it causes (The Science o f Drug Abuse Addiction, 2014). Prescription drugsRead MoreKyle Craig and his Abuse on Adderall1698 Words   |  7 PagesWhat no one knew is that Kyle illegally looked to Adderall to keep up his â€Å"I’ve got it all together† act. Adderall is a stimulant prescription drug for those with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, also known as ADHD (FDA). Kyle took Adderall illegally and abused it much too often just to perform better academically and socially. While abusing the drug, Kyle slowly began spiraling into a dangerous state of psychosis that no one seemed to catch on to. That dangerous spiral led KyleRead MorePrescription Drug Abuse1483 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis The audience I will be addressing is parents, caregivers and school educators about the dangers of prescription drugs and how we can better educate teenagers and young adults on the dangers of abusing them. There are many ways that we can teach and educate our teenagers and young adults, but it’s important that families, schools and communities are involved. The rate of prescription drug overdose among teenagers and young adults have sky rocketed over the past several years. This has becomeRead MoreThe Effects Of Drug Abuse On America1350 Words   |  6 PagesDrug abuse in America is evidently a huge problem, yet remains to be misunderstood by many people. Elizabeth Foy Larsen writes a strong, informative article about a young woman named Brittany who has fallen to drug abuse. Brittany was a drug free, well rounded student with great potential just like many other young adults in America. However, one occasion flipped her life completely upside down. She had gotten her wisdom teeth removed and received prescription medication to reduce her pain. She soonRead MoreThe Epidemic Of Opioid Addiction1678 Words   |  7 Pages The United States currently faces an unprecedented epidemic of opioid addiction. This includes painkillers, heroin, and other drugs made from the same base chemical. In the couple of years, approximately one out of twenty Americans reported misuse or abuse of prescriptions painkillers. Heroin abuse and overdoses are on the rise and are the leading cause of injury deaths, surpassing car accidents and gun shots. The current problem differs from the opioid addiction outbreaks of the past in that

The Idea Of Originality In Postmodernism Art Essay Example For Students

The Idea Of Originality In Postmodernism Art Essay A figure of postmodern theoreticians and creative persons have questioned whether there is such thing as originality in art. Discuss this issue with mention to illustrations of the work of one or more recent creative persons who have questioned the impression of originality in their work. Postmodernism rejects the modern thought of originality as the new, and substitutes it with a combination of elements from the yesteryear. One of the chief features of Postmodernism was its rupturing down of boundary lines between manners and assorted cultural elements and the progress towards seeking something new and original was discarded and substituted with an merger of elements from past and bing civilizations. ( Perina 2006 ) Postmodernism distances the topic, to declare the decease of individuality. It leads to the reprocessing of objects and images from the past to make a more existent and personal experience. There is excessively much information for us to treat and do sense of and we are trapped in a universe of second-hand experiences, dependent upon media representation of the universe instead than our first-hand experience. ( Crouch 1999 ) Originality as observed by modern-day creative persons, borrows to a great extent from postmodernist discourse. This essay will look at the plants of several postmodern creative persons who participate in a review and deconstruction of the myth of traditional originality whilst at the same time seeking new ways to take their art in new and unexpected waies. It farther inquires into the positions of good known art authors and critics who acknowledge the manner in which the arrangement of an graphics in a different context, or the re-working of an original image or images from the yesteryear can confer it an full new apprehension, hence allowing an component of originality. Sherrie Levine, Andy Warhol and their many followings questioned and re-positioned issues around writing and the original in artistic pattern. This bequest is of import to research as the appropriated image and the pastiched image is so cardinal in today s art and commercial pattern particularly since the growing of digital imagination. ( Hammerstingl 1998 ) Sherrie Levine ( B. 1947 ) is a primary illustration of a postmodern creative person who confronts the issues environing postmodernist appropriation. Her review of writing and aura are cardinal to Sherrie Levine s brave and influential deconstruction of the modernist myths of originality in many of her re-appropriations of eminent plants by male creative persons. ( Delacour 2009 ) Since the early 1980 s, Levine has made a calling out of re-using or appropriating celebrated plants of art, frequently by doing new versions of them and puting them in different contexts. ( Walker Art Center 2007 ) Her plants have been understood as a commentary on the decease of Modernism and its ideals, impressions of artistic originality, the genuineness and liberty of the art object and its position as a trade good. ( Museum of Modern Art 2010 ) Levine s Fountain ( After Marcel Duchamp: A.P. ) ( 1991 ) , ( Fig. 1 ) is an unmistakeable mention to Marcel Duchamp s celebrated 1917 piece Fountain ( Fig. 2 ) . Cast in bronze to a extremely polished coating, it transforms an mundane object into a beautiful and pretentious piece which is presented on a narrow base that closely resembles the show of Duchamp s Fountain. Levine strove for entire historical truth by turn uping a urinal from the indistinguishable maker and twelvemonth that Duchamp used, although she was unable to happen the exact theoretical account. ( Buskirk 2003 ) Figure 2 Marcel Duchamp, B. 1887, French, Fountain ( 1917 ) , porcelain, 360 ten 480 ten 610 millimeter Figure 1 Sherrie Levine, B. 1947, American, Fountain ( After Marcel Duchamp: A.P. ) ( 1991 ) , bronze, 14.514.2525 inches When compared to Duchamp s sculpture, it is apparent that Levine s Fountain is non an exact reproduction. Most notably, Duchamp s piece was an existent urinal which was turned inverted and remained unchanged apart from his signature. In contrast, Levine s urinal is more modern-day and has been cast in bronze, the traditional metal of sculpturers. ( Walker Art Center 2007 ) This usage of bronze in such a manner makes mention to another creative person, Constantine Brancusi, who was ill-famed for bring forthing sculptures in extremely polished bronze ( Buskirk 2003 ) . When polished to a superb radiance Levine s urinal no thirster remains a common, boughten point. Alternatively it has been transformed by the creative person into a alone object. ( walkerart ) Writer and critic Martha Buskirk remarks that despite the blatantly obvious mention to Duchamp s readymade, Levine s urinal has been transformed into a typical piece as a consequence of this pick to hold it cast from extremely poli shed bronze. ( Buskirk 2003 ) Due to the rewording of the fountain in bronze, she raises the inquiry of is the sculpture any longer a readymade? Due to the stuff features of it being altered. By recasting the urinal, Levine challenges the map of the readymade as approaching heterosexual from the manners of production of society. Her object is no longer inextricably tied to its presence in mundane society. ( Buskirk 2003 ) Buskirk states that in one sense, Levine s Fountain is non a transcript at all because she did non necessitate the original Duchamp fountain to make a reproduction. Alternatively she attended the same beginning as Duchamp, which was the kingdom of mass production. Her piece triggers a history of mentions to past readymades and reproduction of the mundane object. ( Buskirk 2003 ) American Revolutionary War - Ticonderoga and Crown EssayFigure 6 Andy Warhol, B. 1928, American, Brillo Soap Pads Boxes ( 1964 ) , silkscreen and acrylic boxes, 43.2 ten 43.2 ten 35.6 centimeters each It could be argued that Brillo Soap Pads Boxes, and much of Andy Warhol s work, is absent of any sort of originality due to its about indistinguishable resemblance to the original merchandise in which he had no engagement in the creative activity of, nevertheless he makes a dramatic part via his insightful review of the alluring nature of trade good in a civilization driven by mass media. He achieves this through his usage of repeat. The anon. writer who designed or photographed the merchandises adopted by Warhol for usage within his work becomes replaced by the creative person who remarks on the merchandises cultural acquaintance, an act of recontextualizing. ( Buskirk 2003 ) In Warhol s Flowers ( 1965 ) ( Fig. 7 ) , he appropriated an image of flowers that he found in a 1964 issue of Modern Photography magazine. When the lensman of the exposure, Patricia Caufield discovered that Warhol had appropriated her image she filed a case against him for conflicting on right of first publication as she was able to claim legal writing. The instance was settled out of tribunal, with Warhol offering to give Caufield two of his Flower pictures. When analysed, it is apparent that there exists several differences between Caufield s image and Warhol s appropriation. First of wholly he cropped the exposure so that it focussed on four flowers ; the image has been flattened by the remotion of item and the adding of solid blocks of coloring material within the flowers. His alterations in medium, graduated table and coloring material helped to transform the image well. ( Buskirk 2003 ) Figure 7 Andy Warhol, B. 1928, American, Flowers ( 1965 ) , man-made polymer pigment and silkscreen ink on canvas, 4848 inches. Although the original exposure that Warhol sourced to establish many of his graphicss on were neither taken by or owned by him, his works become original by the mode in which he re-works them and exhibits them. It is really difficult to confound writing as Warhol upholds a manner that is distinctively his ain. He takes ordinary images and through his changes of them makes them extraordinary. ( Buskirk 2003 ) In each of the instances presented, the creative persons have exercised an act of recontextualisation by taking a recognizable object or image and transforming it by changing how it is made or where it is found. Through this procedure each of the creative persons has achieved the act of both recognizing and admiting the original writer whilst claiming writing for themselves via the procedure of this recontextualisation? . ( Buskirk 2003 ) The diverse ways that creative persons have adopted and transformed these familiar images and objects moreover articulate a complex layering of citation and mention that exemplifies modern-day art. ( Buskirk 2003 ) In add-on, the artistic merchandise desires a step of creativeness on the audience s portion. The spectator contributes to the creative activity of plants via their readings and ratings of them. ( Leddy 1994 ) Gallic literary theoretician and critic Roland Barthes attributes authorship to the reader who shapes significance and apprehension. Barthes created Hagiographas that straight suggested the thought of Death of the Author as a cardinal post-modern construct. ( Hammerstingl 1998 ) He states To give a text an Writer and delegate a individual, matching reading to it is to enforce a bound on that text. Roland Barthes asserts that each piece of composing or graphics contains multiple beds and significances. In a well-known citation, Barthes draws an analogy between text and fabrics, declaring that a text is a tissue of citations, drawn from countless centres of civilization, instead than from one, single experience. The indispensable significance of a work depends on the feelings of the reader, instead than the passions or gustatory sensations of the author ; a text s integrity lies non in its beginnings, or its Godhead, but in its finish, or its audience. ( New World Encyclopedia 2008 ) To summarize, Barthes attributes authorship to the reader who forms significance and apprehension. To repeat, it is non the value and map that an object relies on to pass on with its audience, but its veiled mentions and codifications from the past that permit a more single perceptual experience. The originality and genuineness of the primary beginning ceases to be imperative in postmodernist art. Alternatively it is the recycled message which is constructed upon the unconscious memories and perceptual experiences from the past that gives command to new perceptual experiences and new positions of originality. The merger of non-referring manners united together helps to make a new original , assembled from good identified masters of the yesteryear. Equally the postmodernist construct of deconstruction utilises the intercommunication amid the influence and continual procedure of mentioning. ( Perina 2006 )